SDG

• SDG Target #9.b

  SDG #9 is to “Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation”Within SDG #9 are 8 targets, of which we here focus on Target 9.b:Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commoditiesTarget 9.b has one indicator:Indicator 9.b.1: Proportion of medium and high-tech industry value added in total value addedThe valued added from manufacturing in medium and high-tech industries implies an elevated level of R&D expenditure. The world leader by share of GDP from medium and high-tech value added as of 2020 is Singapore with 82%. Switzerland, South Korea, Qatar, and Germany each have a 60-65% share in their respective GDP’s. The world’s share is 45%. This hasn't changed since 2015. This is also the case with the least developed countries, which have a 10% share of their GDP for medium and high-tech industry value-added.

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• SDG Target #9.a

  SDG #9 is to “Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation”Within SDG #9 are 8 targets, of which we here focus on Target 9.a:Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial, technological and technical support to African countries, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing StatesTarget 9.a has one indicator:Indicator 9.a.1: Total official international support (official development assistance plus other official flows) to infrastructureThe biggest recipient country for aid earmarked for infrastructure as of 2021 was India, which received $7.51 billion.Developing regions received aid of $64 billion for infrastructure in 2021, the same figure at the start of the SDG period in 2015. Infrastructure aid has also remained the same as 2015 for Africa, the least developed countries and small island states. Africa received $15 billion, the LDCs $11 billion and the SIDS close to $2 billion.

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• SDG Target #9.5

  SDG #9 is to “Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation”Within SDG #9 are 8 targets, of which we here focus on Target 9.5:Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spendingTarget 9.5 has two indicators:Indicator 9.5.1: Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP Indicator 9.5.2: Researchers (in full-time equivalent) per million inhabitants We can measure innovations in science and technology which allow the capacity of the industries to grow and countries to develop. One of the clearest measures is R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP. The greatest spenders are the high-income countries, as well as China. But for the sake of this target, we want the developing countries to foster science and technology innovations. Spending on R&D as a share of the global world product is 2.7% as of 2021, which has risen a fractional amount since the start of the SDG period. This is an impressive share when considering its larger than China’s share, itself one of the leaders. Though it's still half of the leader, Israel, who has a 5.6% share.The leaders for the measure of researchers in a country’s population comports with R&D expenditure. The worldwide total as of 2018 was 1,525 researchers per million people, a slight increase since 2015 from 1,385 per million. The world leader as of 2021 is South Korea with 9,082 researchers per million in the population. Korea's competitor for world leader in research, Israel, didn’t have data for this year for comparison.

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• SDG Target #9.4

  SDG #9 is to “Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation”Within SDG #9 are 8 targets, of which we here focus on Target 9.4:By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilitiesTarget 9.4 has one indicator:Indicator 9.4.1: CO2 emission per unit of value added Carbon dioxide is an 80% share of all greenhouse gas emissions from the energy used to power industrial processes, so it’s the focus on this indicator. As of 2018, the world emits 320 grams of carbon dioxide per dollar of value-added in the manufacturing sector. This figure hasn't unchanged since the most recent data around the adoption of the SDGs. The country with the most emissions per dollar of manufacturing value-added is Trinidad and Tobago with 1.16kg. Following is Mongolia with 1.09kg per dollar and North Korea with 1.18kg.

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• SDG Target #9.2

  SDG #9 is to “Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation”Within SDG #9 are 8 targets, of which we here focus on Target 9.2:Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly raise industry’s share of employment and gross domestic product, in line with national circumstances, and double its share in least developed countriesTarget 9.2 has two indicators:Indicator 9.2.1: Manufacturing value added as a proportion of GDP and per capita Indicator 9.2.2: Manufacturing employment as a proportion of total employment Manufacturing value added is the dollar value of all the manufacturing output, minus any inputs. The world leader in manufacturing as a proportion of GDP as of 2022 is Ireland, with 38%, followed by Algeria, with 35%. Manufacturing as a part of gross world product was 16% in 2022, about the same since 2015 at the adoption of the SDGs. The more an economy develops, the further it tends to move away from manufacturing toward services. In the least developed countries, their economies instead have a high proportion of primary industry. Examples are agriculture, forestry, fishing, and resource extraction, which offer less value-added. This target has asked for manufacturing to double in the least developed countries. As a proxy for the least developed countries, manufacturing was 11% of the share of GDP in sub-Saharan Africa, up only 1% since the adoption of the Goals. In South Asia, manufacturing is 14% of the region’s GDP, a 1% decrease since 2015.The leader in employment in manufacturing as a share of all employment is China, consisting of 28% of all jobs as of 2021. The worldwide share is 13%, about the same since the adoption of the Goals. For the least developed countries, the share was 8%, again unchanged since 2015.

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