SDG

• SDG Target #17.19

  SDG #17 is to “Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development”Within SDG #17 are 19 targets, of which we here focus on Target 17.19:By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that complement gross domestic product, and support statistical capacity-building in developing countriesTarget 17.19 has two indicators:Indicator 17.19.1: Dollar value of all resources made available to strengthen statistical capacity in developing countriesIndicator 17.19.2: Proportion of countries that (a) have conducted at least one population and housing census in the last 10 years; and (b) have achieved 100 per cent birth registration and 80 per cent death registrationThis target highlights the work of PARIS21. This organisation works to help developing countries increase their statistical capacity.The developing countries which had the most dollars available for statistical capacity were in Africa. Vietnam, Serbia, and Nepal also each spent over $10 million to this end in 2020. Global spending on increasing statistical capacity in 2020 was $541 million.As of 2017, only a dozen countries hadn’t completed a census in the past decade. The country with the smallest proportion of registered births was in the Horn of Africa. In Ethiopia and Somalia, the rate was less than 6%. The global rate of birth registrations was 72% of births as of 2018. Several African countries and Afghanistan registered deaths at a rate lower than 10%.

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• SDG Target #8a

  SDG #8 is to “Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.”Within SDG #8 are 12 targets, of which we here focus on Target 8.a:Increase Aid for Trade support for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, including through the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-related Technical Assistance to Least Developed CountriesTarget 8.a has one indicator:Indicator 8.a.1: Aid for Trade commitments and disbursements Aid for Trade is an initiative of the World Trade Organization for high-income donor countries to help developing countries to trade to further their economic development.An example of aid which might help towards this end is infrastructure, such as transport networks and utilities, which all enable economic activity.For the high-income OECD countries which give development assistance, in reporting what they’ve given, we can also separate what they’ve given as intended for Aid for Trade. Based on this, the developing regions as a whole received $52.5 billion as Aid for Trade in 2021. This figure has gone up and down in the years since the adoption of the Goals in 2015, when it was $62 billion. For the least developed countries, 2021 Aid for Trade commitments were $18.8 billion. This has also varied year-on-year since 2015, when it was $19.8 billion. On sum, this trend has been missing Target 8.a’s aim to increase Aid for Trade support.On the donor side, the largest 2021 commitments earmarked for Air for Trade came from Germany, giving $7.3 billion, and Japan, with $6.8 billion.

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• SDG Target #8.10

  SDG #8 is to “Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.”Within SDG #8 are 12 targets, of which we here focus on Target 8.10:Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance and financial services for allTarget 8.10 has two indicators:Indicator 8.10.1: (a) Number of commercial bank branches per 100,000 adults and (b) Number of automated teller machines (ATMs) per 100,000 adultsIndicator 8.10.2: Proportion of adults (15 years and older) with an account at a bank or other financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider One aspect of social inclusion is financial inclusion. This has become much more accessible with the proliferation of digital payment platforms to give access.Worldwide, the number of commercial bank branches per 100,000 adults was 11.2 as of 2021, about the same as 2015. For the same year, there were 39 ATMs per 100,000 people worldwide, a small increase from 36 in 2015.The proportion of adults with a bank account or similar in 2021 was 76%, an increase since the Goals adoption of 62%.

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• SDG Target #8.9

  SDG #8 is to “Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.”Within SDG #8 are 12 targets, of which we here focus on Target 8.9:By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and productsTarget 8.9 has one indicator:Indicator 8.9.1: Tourism direct GDP as a proportion of total GDP and in growth rate This target introduces us to the work of another of the UN agencies, UN Tourism.Tourism direct GDP, as measured in this Target’s sole indicator is the value-added by all industries contributing to tourism.The global share of tourism direct GDP as a proportion of gross world product is 2.54% as of 2021. This is lower than at the adoption of the SDGs in 2015, when it was 3.75%.The world leaders among countries with data in the SDG period are Fiji with 12% in 2019. For those with more recent data up to 2021, the leaders were Greece and UAE with 6%.

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• SDG Target #8.8

  SDG #8 is to “Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.”Within SDG #8 are 12 targets, of which we here focus on Target 8.8:Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employmentTarget 8.8 has two indicators:Indicator 8.8.1: Fatal and non-fatal occupational injuries per 100,000 workers, by sex and migrant statusIndicator 8.8.2: Level of national compliance with labour rights (freedom of association and collective bargaining) based on International Labour Organization (ILO) textual sources and national legislation, by sex and migrant statusThis target gets us a little closer to understanding what SDG #8 means by “decent work.” We can measure decent work, like we can with all topics covered in the SDG targets and indicators. We need work to be decent to achieve the other Goals relating to poverty reduction and to fulfil the equality aspirations of the SDGs. For all work to be safe and secure helps to further this aim.In an earlier instalment in this series, we explored two treaties which put the Universal Declaration of Human Rights into effect. Article 22 of one of these, the ICCPR, enshrines freedom of association into international law by its parties: “Everyone shall have the right to freedom of association with others, including the right to form and join trade unions for the protection of his interests.”Some of the International Labour Organization conventions which guide international labour law include:Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention of 1948Abolition of Forced Labour Convention of 1957Protection of Wages Convention of 1949Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention of 1949Equal Remuneration Convention of 1951Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention of 1958Migration for Employment Convention of 1949Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provisions) Convention of 1975Domestic Workers Convention of 2011Relevant human rights instruments adopted by the UN General Assembly include:International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial DiscriminationInternational Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their FamiliesAlso relevant are two protocols supplementing a UN convention against Transnational Organized Crime:Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children of 2000Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and AirMany of the countries which may have been at highest risk of fatal occupational injuries don’t have data as of 2021. Though among those who do, the highest is Egypt, with 10 per 100,000 workers. For non-fatal occupational injuries, the highest is Costa Rica, with 9421 per 100,000 workers.When measuring level of national compliance with labour rights, the world has scored 4.5 out of 0-10 measure, with 0 being the best. The worst performers as of 2021 were Iran and UAE with a score of 10, followed by China, scoring 9.

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